lat. 39' 57" and long. 99' 16", noting that this is according to Clugh Beg's Tables and that the long, is calculated from' Ferro. The Ency. Br. of 1910-11 gives lat. 39' 39" and long. 66' 45*.
1 The enigmatical cognomen, Protected Town, is of early date ; it is used i.a. by Ibn Batuta in the 14th. century. Babur's tense refers it to the past. The town had frequently changed hands in historic times before he wrote. The name may be due to immunity from damage to the buildings in the town. Even Chingiz Khan's capture (1222 ad.) left the place well-preserved and its lands cultivated, but it inflicted great loss of men. Cf. Schuyler i, 236 and his authorities, especially Bretschneider.
2 Here is a good example of Babur's caution in narrative. He does not affirm that Samarkand became Musalman, or [infra) that Qusam ibn 'Abbas went, or that Alexander founded but in each case uses the presumptive past tense, resp. bulghdn dur, bdrghdn dur, bind qiighan dur, thus showing that he repeats what may be inferred or presumed and not what he himself asserts.
3 i-e. of Muhammad. See Z.N. il, 193.
4 i.e. Fat Village. His text misleading him, Mr. Erskine makes here the useful irrelevant note that Persians and Arabs call the place Samar-qand and Turks, Samar-kand, the former using qaf (q), the latter kaf (k). Both the £1Ph. and the Ilai. MSS. write Samarqand.
for use of the name Fat Village, see Clavijo (Markham p. 170), Simesqumte, and Bretschneider's Medieval Geography pp. 61, 64, 66 and 163.
qadam. Kostenko (i, 344) gives 9 m. as the circumference of the old *alls and 1J m. as that of the citadel. See Mde. Ujfalvy p. 175 for a picture 01 the walls.
Ma'lum aimds him miincha paidd bulmish bulghdi ; an idiomatic phrase.
d- 333 ah. (944 ad.). See D'Hcrbelot art. Matridi p. 572.
