tolerance, love of truth and intellectual courage remain unparalleled. He
showed that flowers have 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 or 18 petals but never 7 or 9. See
also al-Jamahir, op.cit., pp. 3—6, and Hamarneh, "Polity in al-Biruni's
Book of al-Jamahir", Ihoc. Intern. Conf. Sri. Islamic Polity, op. cit.,
Islamabad, Pakistan, Nov., 1983, vol. 2: pp. 40-43.
17. Yan Z. Wilczynski, "on the presumed Darwinism of al-Biruni before
Darwin", his (1959), pp. 459-66; Ed. Sachau, op. cit, 1st. ed. 1885,
and London 1910, p. 400; 'Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi, On Senses, edited
by Paul Ghallioungui and S. 'Abduh, al-Kuwait, Ministry of Information, 1972, pp. 77—83; and al-Jamahir, op. cit., 3—5.
18. The Holy Qur'an, Sura al-Baqarah, v. 262-269, al-Hadid, w. 1920, Al-'Imran, vv. 13—14 and others; Genesis, chaps, 1 — 2; Epistle to
the Romans, 1:20; Psalms, 19; 1; K. al-Yaziji, Medieval Arabic Culture,
4th ed. Beirut, 1966, pp. 322—30; and al-Jamahir, op. cit., pp. 4—8.
19. Jamahir, op. cit., pp. 6—8; Ibn Khallikan, Wafayat, op. cit., Ed. I,
Abbas, vol. 4, (1971), pp. 400-3; and Hamarneh, "The first independent treatise on cosmetology", Bull. Hist, of Medicine, 39 (1965),
pp. 309-25.
20. Jamahir, op. cit., 8—10, and Peter J. Fisher, Jewels, London,
Batsford, 1965, pp. 11-14.
21. Jamahir, op. cit., pp. 10—12, Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2: pp. 961—
69; and Sh. Dayf, al-'Asr al-Jahili, Cairo, Dar al-Ma'arif, 5th ed., 1971,
pp. 375-85.
22. The Holy Qur'an, Sura al-Ma'idah, v. 5; Yasin, v. 35; and Sura
al-Baqarah, vv. 22, 27, 126; Jamahir, op. cit., pp. 12—22, and F. A.
Ta'i, On Alchemy, Baghdad, al-Rashid, 1981, pp. 245-52 (text in
Arabic).
23. Hakim Mohammed Said (Editor), al-Saydanah, 1973, op. cit., vol.
1; pp. 12—3. vol. 2; pp. 26—29, considering Arabic as the lingua franca
during the entire Golden Middle Ages that accomodate sciences and
technology well, and that discovery of gemstones is a blessing from
Allah; "like a child came out by birth from its mother's womb, so gems
come from the interior parts of the earth". See Jamahir, op. cit.,
pp. 10-12.
24. Jamahir op. cit., pp. 24—26, Haschmi, "on al-Biruni and economics"
(in Arabic), 14th Symposium on Science, 197'4, Damascus, University
Press, pp. 181 — 9, Qalqashandi, Subh al-A'sha, Cairo, vol. 3; pp. 36—41,
and pp. 461 — 3 and vol. 2; pp. 97—118. See also the Holy Qur'an, Sura
al-Ma'idah, w. 26—31, and The Book of Genesis, Chap. 4; 1 — 16.
25. Saleh Hamarneh, "Al-'Umlah al-'Arabiyah al-Islamiyah fi Awruba",
Dirasat, Amman, University of Jordan, vol. 2, (1975), pp. 39—57, A.
Marie al-Karmali, Arabic Numismatics, Cairo, Modern Press, 1939;and
al-Jamahir, op. cit., pp. 7—9, Doris m. Hodges, Healing Gems, Melk-
