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Ch. 11: Pipes and Nozzles

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PIPES AND NOZZLES.
159
arc of earthenware, embedded in concrete, and are said to be still in a good state of preservation. There is, there­fore, no novelty in the construction of this kind of water-conduit ; but the use of wrought-iron pipe for this pur­pose was very limited until adopted in California, where it has been very largely employed, and where there have been obtained valuable data of the strength of materials and methods of construction, as well as of the flow of water through long pipes, essentially modifying theories and formulas previously accepted.
Thickness of Iron.—The thickness of the iron is determined by the pressure of the water and the diame­ter of the pipe, allowance being made, of course, for the quality of the material and the method of riveting. The factor of safety against damage from accident is regu­lated by the importance of the line. On account of va­riations in plates marked as being of the same size and number, it would be well, as a precautionary measure, to
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