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Smaragdus, Emerald

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312                                     SMARAGDUS.
stone. In fact the same mountains that supplied them with the Indian Beryls (Canjarjum, in Coimbatone) yielded at the same time an equal abundance of the cognate species the deeper-tinted Emerald.
In spite of Dutens' pretended discovery, we actually do find numbers of these stones, often of great size and beauty, adorning mediaval pieces of goldsmith's work (to say nothing of antique jewelry), made centuries before the discovery of America—a fact in itself sufficient to prove the previous existence of the gem in Europe, from whatever other region it might have been derived. Large Emeralds, besides Rubies and Sapphires, adorn the Iron Crown of Lombardy, presented to the Cathedral of Monza by Queen Theodelinda (M. 589), at the end of the sixth century, and which has never been tampered with subsequently.2 They also ap­peared in the crown of her husband King Agilulph, also of the same date, though that had been remodelled into its last and more tasteful shape by the famous Milanese goldsmith Anguillotto Braccioforte in the 14th century,3 but yet long before the dis­covery of the Peruvian mines. They may still be inspected as set amongst almost every other precious stone in the crown of the queen of the Spanish Goth Eeceswinthus, lately found near Toledo (now in the Hôtel de Cluny), a work of the following cen­tury (625) to the Lombard jewels just described. They appear in the Cross of the German Emperor Lotharius, made in 823 (Sa­cristy at Aix-la-Chapelle), and in the Crown of Hungary, made at Constantinople in 1072 by the order of Michael Ducas. And to conclude, a fine stone was to be seen in the tiara of Julius II., who died in 1513, thirty-two years before the conquest of Pern. This stone, engraved with the Pope's name, was long preserved amongst the jewels of the Louvre, but (according to Barbot) was presented by Napoleon to Pius VII.4 And De Boot in 1609
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