UNITED STATES, CANADA AND MEXICO	81
	ing in the center a small grain or kernel of transparent quartz. These garnets are found in a large variety of tints of red, claret, aimandine, and even yellow essonite-colored stones. They are often believed by the finders to be spinels or rubies, and have been sold as Arizona or Colorado rubies. Although the garnets found in washing and mining dia­monds at the Cape of Good Hope, the so-called " Cape Rubies," are of larger size than those found in Arizona and New Mexico, and perhaps equal to them in color by daylight, the latter are much superior by artificial light, only the clear, blood-red hue be­ing visible, while in the " Cape Rubies " the dark color remains unchanged. They are extensively used as gems, the annual sales amounting to about $5,000 worth of cut stones. A few remark­ably fine ones have hrought $50 each, though stones equally good have frequently sold for much less. Fine stones of 1 carat sell at from $1 to $3 each, the exceptional ones rarely for $5. They seldom exceed 3 carats in size. Pyrope garnet of good color, that has furnished gems, has been found in the sands of the gold-washings of Burke, McDowell, and Alexander Counties, N. C. In the peridote rock of Elliott County, Ky., are found deep ruby-red grains of pyrope garnet, locally regarded as rubies, having a specific gravity of 3.673, and varying in size from 1/10 to 1/4 inch in diameter. They are especially abundant along the line of the peridote trap-dykes in the soil resulting from the disintegration of the rock, and would cut into gems almost as beautiful as those from Arizona. Garnets are found in many localities in California ; at Roger's Mine, in the eastern part of El Dorado County, they are associated with specular iron, calcite, and iron and copper pyrites ; in the Coosa district, Inyo County, they are found in large, semi-crystalline masses, of a light-yellow color, some specimens of which were taken to San Francisco under the impression that they contained tin. Three miles from Pilot Hill, El Dorado County, garnet rock is found in blocks several feet thick. They also occur in Plumas, Mono, Fresno, Los Angeles, and San Diego Counties, Cal. In Burke, Caldwell, and Catawba Counties, N. C, are found large dode-cahedral and trapezohedral almandite garnets, coated externally with a brown crust of limonite, the result of superficial altera-